Question

In the case of the electron transport chain, the important gradient is the highest and low concentration of hydrogen ions on either side of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.

As NADH and FADH2 give up electrons, the protein pumps embedded in the membrane force hydrogen ions to go against the natural tendency to equalize substances across the membrane.

Hydrogen ions are forced to crowd together on the outside of the membrane, creating an area of high concentration of hydrogen ions outside the membrane

As more and more hydrogen ions accumulate outside the membrane, more energy is required to push them through the membrane

Answer 1

The electron transport chain in cellular respiration utilizes redox reactions to create an electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions across the inner membrane of the mitochondria. This gradient drives ATP synthesis through the ATP synthase enzyme.

Step-by-step explanation:

The electron transport chain in cellular respiration uses the energy from redox reactions to pump hydrogen ions (protons) across the inner membrane of the mitochondria. This creates a concentration gradient and an electrical gradient, collectively called an electrochemical gradient. The accumulation of hydrogen ions on one side of the membrane results in a higher concentration outside the membrane. The flow of hydrogen ions back into the matrix through the ATP synthase enzyme drives ATP synthesis.