Final answer:
The question seems to conflate separate legal concepts: exemptions under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) and the Creative Commons licensing terms. FOIA provides nine exemptions related to sensitive information. Creative Commons licensing requires noncommercial use, proper attribution, and prohibits imposing additional restrictions.
Step-by-step explanation:
Regarding the circumstances under which one may use or disclose information without authorization, it is essential to understand the context in which this question arises. Generally, this relates to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) or similar privacy laws that protect personal information. However, the question references 14 exemptions, which seems more aligned with the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). FOIA has nine exemptions that cover areas such as national security, internal personnel rules, trade secrets, personnel privacy rights, law enforcement information, and oil well data, among others.
Additionally, the Creative Commons (CC) and CK-12 licenses mentioned indicate principles of sharing under certain conditions. To use or share works under these licenses, one must adhere to guidelines such as noncommercial use, providing appropriate attribution, and not applying additional restrictions that prevent others from using the licensed material as permitted.
The original question may be referring to a different set of circumstances due to the broad nature of the query. Without additional context, providing a specific list of 14 circumstances is not feasible. However, both FOIA and Creative Commons licensing share a common theme of promoting the free exchange of information while respecting certain boundaries.