Final answer:
Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory condition with a pathogenesis that includes a genetic predisposition, exaggerated immunological responses to allergens, characterized by a high level of IgE antibodies, and the inflammation and irritation of skin. Over-cleanliness is thought to contribute to the increased incidence of such conditions in developed countries.
Step-by-step explanation:
The pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (or eczema) is complex and multifaceted, involving genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and immunological responses. At its core, atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory skin condition characterized by dry, itchy patches that can swell, flake, and sometimes bleed. It is considered a type of allergic reaction where the immune system overreacts to perceived threats such as dust mites or other common allergens.
Individuals with eczema often have higher levels of antibodies, specifically Immunoglobulin E (IgE), against common allergens in their blood. Although the precise relationship between eczema and dust mite allergies is yet to be conclusively proven, the presence of antibodies indicates an allergic sensitization. The hygiene hypothesis suggests the increasing prevalence of allergies in developed countries is linked to overly sterile environments, leading to the immune system mistargeting harmless substances due to the lack of pathogens.
Upon first exposure to an allergen, B cells are activated, leading to the production of large amounts of IgE antibodies that attach to mast cells. With subsequent exposures, these primed mast cells release cytokines and histamines causing inflammation, a hallmark of allergic reactions. Managing symptoms typically involves the use of moisturizers, corticosteroid creams, and immunosuppressants to control inflammation and minimize immune system overactivity.