Final answer:
Phrenology, somatology, and physiognomy attempted to correlate physical attributes with personality traits but are discredited for lack of empirical evidence.
Step-by-step explanation:
The psychological theories of phrenology, somatology, and physiognomy share a common focus on attempting to link physical characteristics to personality traits, abilities, and moral character. Phrenology, developed by Franz Joseph Gall, posits that by examining the shape and size of the skull, one could determine an individual's personality and mental capacities. This field suggested that specific areas of the skull correspond to various 'faculties' of the mind and character traits. Despite its initial popularity, it was soon discredited and is now deemed a pseudoscience.
Somatology and physiognomy, while not detailed in the provided information, similarly endeavor to connect body types (somatology) and facial features (physiognomy) to character and temperament. All of these theories reflect a historical fascination with understanding human behavior based on observable physical characteristics. Nonetheless, they lack empirical evidence and are not considered valid by contemporary standards of scientific methodology.