Final answer:
The logic behind partisan gerrymandering is to manipulate electoral districts to favor a political party, while racial/ethnic gerrymandering aims at influencing electoral outcomes based on demographics. Gerrymandering occurs after a census and is driven by the desire to maintain or increase political power, often leading to skewed representation and decreased political compromise.
Step-by-step explanation:
The logic behind partisan gerrymandering is to manipulate district boundaries to create a political advantage for a specific political party. Racial/ethnic gerrymandering is similarly used to influence electoral outcomes by drawing district lines based on racial or ethnic demographics to dilute the voting power of those groups or, conversely, to enhance it. Gerrymandering can occur in any level of government that has electoral districts and typically takes place after a census when redistricting may occur. The practice is often motivated by the desire to maintain or increase political power and can greatly affect representation and policy-making.
During the redistricting process, which occurs once every ten years following the census, politicians may use advanced data analysis to design districts that benefit specific candidates or parties. This is impacted by the gerrymandering process, which can lead to a significant alteration of the political landscape. The manipulative carving up of districts can result in 'safe seats' where incumbents face little competition, leading to less accountability and greater political polarization.
Gerrymandered districts are often drawn by state legislators who may prioritize partisan allegiances over fair representation. This can happen in any state but has been especially prominent in Southern states with histories of racial or partisan gerrymandering. Gerrymandering has been criticized for diminishing electoral competitiveness and diminishing representative democracy. While the practice is legal, it is only when racial or ethnic gerrymandering appears that challenges can be made under the Voting Rights Act.