Final answer:
Pneumonia is the disease where alveoli become inflamed and filled with fluid. Spirometry is used to diagnose lung conditions including COPD, which causes chronic poor airflow and is often smoking-related. Proper diagnosis and treatment are vital for managing these respiratory conditions.
Step-by-step explanation:
From the provided list of diseases, pneumonia is the condition that best fits the description of alveoli becoming inflamed and filling with fluid. Pneumonia is an inflammatory disease of the respiratory tract where the alveoli are affected and this impairs gas exchange. Various forms of pneumonia include bacterial pneumonia, viral pneumonia, and fungal pneumonia like Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) often seen in immunocompromised individuals like HIV patients. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is another lung condition characterized by chronic poor airflow and symptoms like shortness of breath and a productive cough, commonly caused by smoking. Spirometry is a tool used in pulmonary function tests to diagnose conditions like COPD by measuring the rate at which air can be inhaled or exhaled, indicating whether there is restrictive lung disease.