Final answer:
Karen Horney criticized Freud's reliance on male psychology as the basis for his theories, particularly questioning the concept of envy and introducing the idea of womb envy.
Step-by-step explanation:
Karen Horney and other female psychoanalysts have criticized Freud for using male psychology as the prototype for his theories. Horney challenged many aspects of Freudian theory, including his perspective on female development. She notably disputed Freud's concept of envy, arguing instead that any jealousy a woman might feel is not due to her anatomy, but rather is a result of cultural conditions that afford men more privileges. Horney also introduced the idea of womb envy among men, suggesting that men might experience feelings of inadequacy because they cannot give birth. Her critiques, along with those from other feminist scholars, have helped shape a more balanced and inclusive approach to psychology that takes both gender and cultural contexts into account. This shift has been essential in developing a more accurate understanding of personality and psychological well-being that extends beyond Freud's male-centered views.