Final answer:
The timing and route of administration influence the plasma concentration of a drug, with IV administration providing the quickest peak levels. Sublingual, IV, IM, Subq, and PO routes all differ in their absorption rates and trough levels. Choosing the correct route depends on factors like drug absorption, required onset of action, and patient-specific considerations.
Step-by-step explanation:
When considering the administration of medication, the timing of draw trough levels and the route of administration, such as sublingual, IV (intravenous), IM (intramuscular), Subq (subcutaneous), or PO (oral), can greatly affect the plasma concentration levels of a drug. As indicated in Figure 14.7, intravenous administration results in the quickest peak of drug concentration in the plasma, while oral and intramuscular routes take longer to reach peak levels. When a drug is not well absorbed in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, or when a rapid onset of action is needed, parenteral routes like IV or IM are preferred. For instance, if a drug has poor GI absorption or is needed to act quickly, the sublingual route can bypass the GI system and provide rapid absorption into the bloodstream. It's also crucial to note that each administration route will have different timing for obtaining trough levels, which are the lowest concentration of the drug in the bloodstream before the next dose is administered.
Five factors to consider when determining the dosage of a drug include age, weight, kidney and liver function, severity of the condition being treated, and other concurrent medications. Side effects associated with drugs can range from mild to severe and may depend on factors such as dosage, duration of therapy, and an individual's unique physiology and health status.