Final answer:
The elevated blood CO2 levels require immediate removal from exposure, potential CPR if unconscious, and administration of oxygen via a non-rebreather mask, with special considerations for pregnant women.
Step-by-step explanation:
When the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood is in the 50s (mm Hg), it indicates hypercapnia, which is a condition where there is too much CO2 in the bloodstream. The initial treatment involves removing the person from the environment where they are exposed to carbon monoxide. If the person is unconscious, they may require CPR and immediate medical attention. The next step often involves administering oxygen via a non-rebreather mask to rapidly reduce the level of carbon monoxide, which is binding with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin. This treatment shortens the half-life of carbon monoxide and facilitates the return of normal oxygen transport functions within the blood. For pregnant women, treatment duration with oxygen may be extended due to higher risks posed to the fetus.
Concerning the situation where the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 45 mm Hg in the blood and 40 mm Hg in the alveoli, CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveoli, to be exhaled, since gases move from areas of high pressure to areas of lower pressure. The blood that has released its CO2 is then circulated back to the lungs to pick up oxygen during external respiration, maintaining the essential gas exchange process vital for life.