Final answer:
Cardiac abnormalities in Noonan Syndrome typically include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and structural heart defects such as patent foramen ovale and coarctation of the aorta. NSML, a Noonan Syndrome variant, is characterized by a particular mutation affecting endocardial cells leading to hypertrophy.
Step-by-step explanation:
The cardiac abnormalities that are found in Noonan Syndrome (NS) include a range of defects. Some of the most common congenital heart defects associated with Noonan Syndrome are hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which is a pathological enlargement of the heart that can happen for no known reason, and other structural heart issues such as patent foramen ovale, coarctation of the aorta, and patent ductus arteriosus. Noonan Syndrome with Multiple Lentigines (NSML) is a variant of Noonan Syndrome characterized by abnormal cell communication due to a mutation in the PTPN11 gene. This mutation specifically affects the cell types that contribute to endocardial cells, leading to heart hypertrophy, rather than affecting myocardial cells as previously thought. This research provides insight and potential targets for the treatment of NSML and sheds light on the mechanisms behind other cardiac disorders.