Final answer:
The description provided indicates a probable case of tinea capitis, a fungal infection of the scalp also known as ringworm, which requires antifungal treatment.
Step-by-step explanation:
The student's question appears to be describing the symptoms of a pediatric dermatological condition affecting the scalp. The presence of multiple patchy alopecic areas on the scalp of an 8-year-old child, along with broken hair shafts near the scalp surface, black dots, diffuse scaling akin to dandruff, and potentially swollen postauricular, posterior cervical, or occipital lymph nodes suggests a diagnosis of tinea capitis, commonly known as ringworm of the scalp. This condition is caused by a fungal infection and can lead to hair loss in varying sizes and shapes. Antifungal medication is typically required to treat this condition.