Final answer:
When producing oral consonants, hypernasality results from excessive nasal resonance and hyponasality from a lack of normal nasal resonance. The paranasal sinuses contribute to the resonance of the voice, and adjustments in vocal tract structures, like thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone, can lead to high-pitched sounds.
Step-by-step explanation:
When producing oral consonants, the quality of nasality in speech can be affected by the anatomical structures involved in sound production. Hypernasality occurs when there is an excessive nasal resonance due to the velopharyngeal insufficiency or an opening that allows air to escape through the nose. On the other hand, hyponasality happens when there is a lack of normal nasal resonance, often due to blockage in the nasal passages. The paranasal sinuses play a role in the resonance and quality of voice, as they add resonance to the voice. Conditions like congestion can affect voice quality, and sometimes, adjustments in the vocal tract, such as the shrinkage of distance between the thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone, can allow production of high-pitch vocalizations.