Final answer:
Papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most common type of thyroid cancer with a good prognosis, often presenting as a painless single nodule on the thyroid and characterized by 'ground glass' appearance and Psammoma bodies on histological examination.
Step-by-step explanation:
The thyroid cancer you are referring to is most likely papillary thyroid carcinoma. This type is indeed the most common form of thyroid cancer, known for having a good prognosis. It typically presents as a painless single nodule on the thyroid and can be identified on an ultrasound with a 'ground glass' appearance. An important histological feature of papillary thyroid carcinoma is the presence of Psammoma bodies, which are concentric calcific deposits seen under a microscope. The thyroid gland is a key organ for iodine uptake, as it is needed for the production of thyroid hormones. When diagnosing thyroid disorders, a nuclear scan using various isotopes, such as Iodine-123 and Iodine-131, can be employed to visualize iodine uptake by the thyroid gland. This is crucial as excessive uptake can suggest hyperthyroidism and possibly indicate a hyperfunctioning nodule, which could be associated with thyroid cancer. In contrast, a lack of iodine uptake suggests hypothyroidism.