Final answer:
A tracheostomy is needed when there's an urgent need for an open airway due to orofacial trauma, obstruction, or failed intubation. Endotracheal intubation is a procedure that ensures an open airway by inserting a tube into the trachea, especially under general anesthesia when muscles needed for breathing may relax.
Step-by-step explanation:
A tracheostomy is necessary when an emergent airway is required. Conditions like extensive orofacial trauma preventing laryngoscopy, upper airway obstruction, or unsuccessful endotracheal intubation necessitate this procedure. During endotracheal intubation, a long, plastic tube is inserted into the respiratory system allowing air to bypass the obstructed area and reach the lungs. This is commonly done by emergency personnel when the respiratory system is compromised.
Under general anesthesia, muscles necessary for breathing, including those that move the tongue, may relax and block the airway. To ensure a patient's airway remains open and to prevent complications endotracheal intubation is performed. This involves placing a tube into the trachea to maintain an open pathway to the lungs and sealing off from the oropharynx.
Upon the return of respiratory muscle function post-surgery, the tube is removed, though it may take about 30 minutes for a patient to fully regain control of respiration. It's common for patients to experience a sore or scratchy throat after the procedure.