Final answer:
The blank in the question should be filled with 'gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)'. GERD is caused by factors that decrease LES tone or impair its function, resulting in acid reflux or heartburn. Lifestyle changes can alleviate GERD symptoms.
Step-by-step explanation:
Some causes of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are decreased LES tone, decreased esophageal motility, hiatal hernia, gastric outlet obstruction, and NG tube. The lower esophageal sphincter (LES), normally remains closed to prevent the contents of the stomach from entering the esophagus. Conditions that decrease the LES tone or impair its function can lead to the backward flow of stomach contents into the esophagus, a condition commonly known as acid reflux or heartburn. When such reflux occurs frequently, it can result in the chronic condition known as GERD. Factors like smoking, obesity, and certain medications can weaken the LES. Furthermore, during pregnancy, hormones may relax the LES, increasing the risk of reflux and associated discomfort.
To alleviate symptoms of GERD, lifestyle changes, including dietary modifications and weight loss, can be beneficial. Avoiding foods that increase acidity or cause the LES to relax can prevent the frequency and intensity of reflux episodes. Moreover, esophageal motility disorders, hiatal hernias, and conditions that cause gastric outlet obstruction can contribute to GERD by impairing the normal flow of food through the digestive system.