Final answer:
In patients with known cardiac disease, aggressive intraoperative lowering of myocardial oxygen demand with controlled hypothermia has been shown in RCT's to improve outcomes and should be used.
Step-by-step explanation:
In patients with known cardiac disease, aggressive intraoperative lowering of myocardial oxygen demand with controlled hypothermia has been shown in RCT's to improve outcomes and should be used. Controlled hypothermia often is used during open-heart surgery because it decreases the metabolic needs of the brain, heart, and other organs, reducing the risk of damage to them. When controlled hypothermia is used clinically, the patient is given medication to prevent shivering. The body is then cooled to 25-32°C (79-89°F), the heart is stopped and an external heart-lung pump maintains circulation to the patient's body.