Final answer:
The autonomic effects of cocaine can lead to cardiac arrhythmia, cerebral hemorrhage, and congestive heart failure, hence option D. all of the above is correct.
Step-by-step explanation:
The autonomic effects of cocaine can lead to several serious cardiovascular issues. By interfering with the uptake of dopamine and increasing adrenergic function, cocaine creates a state of heightened sympathetic system activity, which causes vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure. This vasoconstriction can contribute to various heart problems due to the strain it places on the cardiovascular system. As a stimulant, cocaine can lead to cardiac arrhythmia due to its modulating effect on the intrinsic activity of the cardiac muscle. Additionally, it can cause cerebral hemorrhage by dramatically elevating blood pressure and congestive heart failure as a result of long-term increased cardiac workload and potential structural damage to the heart. Therefore, the correct answer to this question is D. all of the above, indicate that cocaine usage can lead to 'cardiac arrhythmia,' 'cerebral hemorrhage,' and 'congestive heart failure.'