Final answer:
Written defamation is known as libel. Libel is not protected by the First Amendment, and public figures have to prove 'actual malice' to win a defamation lawsuit due to the New York Times v. Sullivan ruling.
Step-by-step explanation:
Written defamation of a person's character is referred to as libel. Defamation can lead to a loss of reputation and income, and it is not protected under the First Amendment. This means individuals subjected to false written statements that damage their reputation can pursue legal action for damages. However, the standards for winning a defamation lawsuit differ depending on whether the plaintiff is a private individual or a public figure. Public figures must prove 'actual malice' was involved, meaning the false statement was made knowingly or with reckless disregard for the truth, as established by the New York Times v. Sullivan case of 1964.