Final answer:
A progressive lesion of calcified dental tissue characterized by loss of teeth structure is known as dental caries, or cavities. They occur due to microbial acid production which degrades tooth enamel and can lead to more serious conditions like tooth abscess and tooth loss if not properly treated.
Step-by-step explanation:
A progressive lesion of calcified dental tissue characterized by loss of teeth structure is most commonly referred to as dental caries. These are essentially cavities formed in the teeth as a result of tooth decay caused by microbial activity. The process begins when colonies of bacteria feeding on sugars in the mouth produce acids, leading to the soft tissue inflammation and degradation of the calcium crystals in the enamel. Over time, without proper treatment, dental caries can penetrate deeper into the dentin or even the innermost pulp, potentially resulting in abscess formation and further complications such as tooth loss.
Good oral hygiene is crucial in preventing this condition, as it can halt the progression from mild to severe dental issues, including periodontal disease. The inflammation and erosion of gums, as well as erosion of cementum, can also contribute to tooth loss in advanced infections. Tartar, or dental calculus, is calcified heavy plaque that can exacerbate these conditions, and it's visible at the base of the teeth in people suffering from these oral health problems.