Final answer:
CPTED principles essential in zoning issues include elements such as natural surveillance, territorial reinforcement, natural access control, and maintenance, which are all pivotal in crime prevention through environmental design.
Step-by-step explanation:
When dealing with zoning issues and utilizing CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design) principles, there are essential elements to consider. These elements include natural surveillance, territorial reinforcement, natural access control, and maintenance. For example, keeping areas well-lit and ensuring clear sight lines can deter crime by increasing the likelihood that wrongful actions will be observed (natural surveillance). Incorporating features that define property boundaries and distinguish private spaces from public ones can create a sense of ownership and stewardship (territorial reinforcement).
Designing streets and pathways in a way that directs traffic and people flow can prevent unauthorized access and ensure that entrances and exits are well-defined (natural access control). Furthermore, maintaining the aesthetic integrity of an environment by prompt repairs and cleanliness can prevent decay and disorder, signaling that an area is well cared for and monitored (maintenance).