Final answer:
Bladder stones are identified using diagnostic methods such as X-rays and CT scans, alongside urine culture and examination of passed stones. Symptoms such as hematuria and pain during urination can indicate their presence. Cystine stones are specific to those with cystinuria, and the size of the stone determines if it will require surgical removal.
Step-by-step explanation:
Bladder stones, also known as uroliths, are mineral concretions that develop in the urinary bladder. To identify the type of bladder stone, several diagnostic methods are used, the most common being an X-ray. However, a CT scan, which is a specialized X-ray, is considered the gold standard for detecting kidney stones and hence can be extrapolated to identify bladder stones effectively. Diagnostic methods often work in combination with a physical examination, medical history, and the analysis of symptoms such as hematuria (blood in the urine) and urinary pain.
Culture of a urine sample can also help to exclude infection that might mimic the pain of stones or be a result of the irritation they cause. Additionally, if a stone is passed, catching it at home for examination can provide exact information on its composition. For instance, cystine stones are associated with an inherited condition known as cystinuria.
Bladder stones can obstruct the flow of urine, leading to severe pain and other symptoms such as nausea and vomiting. The size of the stone significantly affects whether it will pass on its own or require medical intervention, with larger stones potentially needing surgical removal or treatment with ultrasound.