Final answer:
The HLA-B*1502 allele is associated with an increased risk of SJS-type reactions in Asian populations when using carbamazepine. Pharmacogenomics, the study of genetic variation impacting drug response, supports the need for genetic testing to inform safer and more effective medication use.
Step-by-step explanation:
The genetic polymorphism in the Asian patient population that predisposes individuals to Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) type reactions associated with carbamazepine use is the HLA-B*1502 allele. This allele is a part of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system, which is crucial for the immune system to recognize foreign substances. Studies have shown that individuals with this allele have a significantly higher risk of developing SJS when taking carbamazepine, which has led to recommendations that patients be screened for HLA-B*1502 before starting treatment with carbamazepine, especially in populations where the allele is prevalent.
Pharmacogenomics, the study of how genetic variation affects individual responses to therapeutic drugs, provides vital insights into how and why drugs may cause adverse reactions in specific patient groups. In the case of carbamazepine and the Asian population, it has been instrumental in identifying the increased risk linked to the HLA-B*1502 polymorphism. Accurate genetic testing is essential in personalized medicine to ensure that patients receive drugs that are effective and safe based on their genetic makeup. An understanding of specific genetic variations allows for better prediction of drug efficacy and safety, as well as more precise dosing guidelines.