Final answer:
Acute otitis media is primarily caused by pathogens like S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis. Genetic predispositions and the anatomy of the Eustachian tubes in children increase the risk of OME, which can lead to psychological and speech issues.
Step-by-step explanation:
Causes and Factors Contributing to Acute Otitis Media
Acute otitis media (AOM) is often caused by bacteria such as S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Genetic factors and the physical structure of the Eustachian tubes in young children contribute to a higher susceptibility to infections like OME. For example, genetic differences in human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) and red blood cell antigens among individuals can impact immune responses and the progression of disease from H. influenzae infection. Additionally, environmental factors, such as bottle feeding while lying down can increase the risk by promoting negative pressure within the Eustachian tube, leading to fluid accumulation in the middle ear.
OME can often lead to psychological issues due to hearing impairment which can also affect speech and cause articulation or residual errors. Acute otitis media with effusion can exacerbate these complications by creating an ideal environment for bacterial growth, resulting in chronic ear infections.