Final answer:
Second-generation cephalosporins are ß-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, particularly useful in treating respiratory infections, meningitis, and as part of dual treatment regimens for certain sexually transmitted infections.
Step-by-step explanation:
Second-generation cephalosporins are a subclass of ß-lactam antibiotics similar to penicillins, but with a broader spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including some ß-lactamase producers. These antibiotics are known for their ability to inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by blocking the transpeptidase activity of penicillin-binding proteins, which leads to bacterial cell death. Notably, the ß-lactam ring in cephalosporins is fused to a six-member ring, resulting in increased resistance to enzymatic degradation by ß-lactamases compared to the five-member ring structure of penicillins.
Second-generation cephalosporins are frequently indicated for treating conditions such as H. influenza meningitis, otitis media, respiratory tract infections, and they are an option in the treatment of infections caused by extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing gram-negative pathogens. To address the issue of antibiotic resistance and ensure coverage of multiple pathogens, including both C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae, dual treatment regimens are often recommended when specific testing is not available.