Final answer:
Ventricular septal defects are congenital heart abnormalities that can cause serious symptoms, including a heart murmur and cyanosis. The Tetralogy of Fallot, one form of VSD, typically requires surgical treatment for management. Diagnosis usually follows the detection of unusual heart sounds and is confirmed by imaging.
Step-by-step explanation:
Key Points about Ventricular Septal Defects
Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are abnormalities of the heart present at birth and may arise from congenital defects or disease. Tetralogy of Fallot, a specific type of VSD, consists of four associated heart defects, although not all may be present in every case. The presence of a VSD permits blood with low oxygen levels from the right ventricle to enter the left ventricle, mixing with oxygenated blood. This can lead to various symptoms, such as a distinctive heart murmur, cyanosis, and difficulty breathing.
Diagnosis is commonly made via auscultation, where a heart murmur might be detected as an initial sign followed by confirmatory medical imaging. The treatment typically requires surgical intervention, which can be extensive. Stents, valve replacements, and patches may be used to repair the defect.
It’s important to note that survival rates for those with Tetralogy of Fallot vary, indicating the seriousness of the condition. Symptoms of severe septal defects may lead to a 'blue baby' syndrome, where a child's skin turns a bluish color due to inadequate oxygen delivery from the defective heart.