Final answer:
Peptic ulcer disease is diagnosed through symptoms and detection of H. pylori, with endoscopy used for confirmation. Antibiotics are used for treatment, though resistance is an issue, and diet is not considered a main cause. The urea breath test is a noninvasive method to detect active H. pylori infections.
Step-by-step explanation:
Diagnosis and Treatment for Peptic Ulcer Disease
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is classically diagnosed through symptoms and the detection of H. pylori in the gastrointestinal tract. To confirm a diagnosis, an endoscopy may be performed, allowing for direct visualisation of the ulcer. Treatment typically includes a combination of antibiotics to eradicate H. pylori and medications that reduce stomach acid to facilitate healing. However, due to increasing antibiotic resistance, treatment can sometimes be ineffective. When ulcers cause a perforation in the stomach or duodenum walls, emergency surgery is required. It is important to note that contrary to previous belief, diet, including spicy foods and caffeinated beverages, is not a main contributing factor to PUD. Additionally, chronic use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can lead to the development of peptic ulcers.
For a more effective diagnostic approach, a noninvasive urea breath test can be used to detect active H. pylori infections based on the bacteria’s metabolic properties. This discovery, which revolutionised the understanding and treatment of peptic ulcers, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2005.