Final Answer:
Aspirin Exacerbated Respiratory Disease (AERD), also known as aspirin-induced asthma, is a condition in which individuals with asthma experience worsening respiratory symptoms upon exposure to aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Typical patient presentation includes a history of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, asthma, and sensitivity to aspirin and NSAIDs. The reaction is characterized by bronchoconstriction, nasal congestion, and other respiratory symptoms.
Step-by-step explanation:
Aspirin Exacerbated Respiratory Disease (AERD) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the triad of asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and sensitivity to aspirin and other NSAIDs. The typical patient with AERD often has a history of long-standing asthma and chronic nasal symptoms, which may include nasal congestion and polyps. These patients typically develop respiratory reactions, such as bronchoconstriction and exacerbation of asthma, within hours of ingesting aspirin or NSAIDs.
The pathophysiology of AERD involves an abnormal metabolism of arachidonic acid, leading to the overproduction of proinflammatory leukotrienes. Aspirin and NSAIDs inhibit the activity of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), shifting the metabolism of arachidonic acid toward the production of leukotrienes, resulting in bronchoconstriction and other allergic reactions. The diagnosis is often confirmed through an aspirin challenge test, where the patient is monitored for respiratory symptoms after ingesting aspirin under controlled conditions.
In summary, AERD is a unique clinical entity characterized by the triad of asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and hypersensitivity to aspirin and NSAIDs. The pathophysiology involves dysregulated arachidonic acid metabolism, leading to an overproduction of leukotrienes. Diagnosis is typically confirmed through an aspirin challenge test, and management involves avoidance of NSAIDs and targeted therapies for asthma and nasal symptoms.