Final answer:
Treatment options for refractory ankylosing spondylitis include NSAIDs, biological DMARDs, physical therapy, exercise, and surgery.
Step-by-step explanation:
Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the spine. Treatment options for refractory ankylosing spondylitis aim to manage symptoms and slow down the progression of the disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and naproxen are commonly used to reduce pain and inflammation.
In more severe cases, medications called biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) may be prescribed. These drugs, such as adalimumab and etanercept, target specific components of the immune system to decrease inflammation and improve symptoms.
Physical therapy and exercise can also help improve joint mobility and reduce pain. In some cases, surgery may be considered to correct severe joint damage or deformity.