Final answer:
Passing is not permitted in situations where actions are either morally forbidden or legally prohibited, such as sacrificing one individual for the benefit of others without consent, or in physics and biology where rules or physiological conditions prevent certain processes or configurations.
Step-by-step explanation:
Passing is not permitted in various scenarios across ethical dilemmas, legal boundaries, chemistry rules, and physiological conditions. Three examples of situations where actions may be considered morally obligatory, permissible, or forbidden show how context can define the acceptability of an action:
- Flipping the switch to save five people at the expense of one might be seen as morally obligatory due to the greater number of lives saved.
- Helping a child at the expense of ruining your clothes is considered morally obligatory as it involves saving a life with minimal personal sacrifice.
- Using the organs of a healthy person without their consent to save others infringes on individuals' rights, making it morally forbidden.
When it comes to the separation of church and state, certain actions like taking the organs of a healthy individual for transplantation are forbidden by law for ethical and legal reasons.
In the field of chemistry, specific electron configurations such as 2p³ are permissible according to the Pauli exclusion principle and Hund's rule, while configurations like 2p¸ are forbidden since they violate these rules.
Under physiological conditions, aerobic respiration may be forbidden due to lack of oxygen, toxic substances, or diseases, all of which interfere with cellular processes.