Final answer:
Chromosomes contain DNA molecules that carry genetic information and determine specific traits through genes. Human body cells have 46 chromosomes, while gametes have 23.
Step-by-step explanation:
Chromosomes contain DNA molecules, which are the repositories for genetic information in a cell. In eukaryotic cells, the genome is made up of several double-stranded, linear DNA molecules. Chromosomes are also associated with proteins that help to compact the DNA and support its functions. For instance, human body cells are diploid (designated as 2n), containing 46 chromosomes that are matched sets from each parent. However, human gametes (sperm or eggs) are haploid (designated as n), having just 23 chromosomes. These haploid cells are involved in reproduction and become diploid upon fertilization when they combine.
Genes are located on the chromosomes and determine the specific characteristics or traits, such as eye color or hair color, by coding for proteins. Different versions of a gene, called alleles, can lead to different traits.