Final answer:
The process of genetic modification differs in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, with prokaryotes generally using transformation methods to uptake plasmids containing recombinant DNA, and eukaryotes employing transfection techniques involving shuttle vectors or viral vectors to integrate DNA.
Step-by-step explanation:
Genetically Modifying Prokaryotic Cells vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Genetically modifying organisms, whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, involves introducing recombinant DNA into cells. However, the mechanisms and vectors used differ significantly between these organisms.
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, usually contain circular chromosomes and may harbor plasmids – extra-chromosomal DNA that can be manipulated and introduced back into the cell. Methods like transformation exploit the natural competence of some bacteria to uptake DNA from their environment. Plasmids often carry antibiotic resistance genes, which allow for the selection of successfully transformed cells, and reporter genes that enable visual identification of recombinant cells.
Eukaryotic Cells
The process of introducing DNA into eukaryotic cells, known as transfection, can be more challenging due to the complex cell structures and nuclear envelope. Methods include using shuttle vectors, which are plasmids designed to function in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and viral vectors, where modified viruses deliver the recombinant DNA without causing disease. Since eukaryotic cells contain linear chromosomes within a nucleus, the integration and function of transferred genes are more intricate and require careful consideration.
While the goal in both systems is to provide genetic variation or express foreign genes, the procedures reflect the biological differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.