Final answer:
Correct option: b) recombinant DNA techniques
Biotechnology now primarily uses recombinant DNA techniques to engineer organisms with new traits. This process includes molecular cloning and the introduction of this recombinant DNA into a host, which significantly differs from traditional genetic screening methods.
Step-by-step explanation:
Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
Biotechnology is a field of science that leverages living organisms and systems to develop technological applications which benefit humankind. In recent years, biotechnology has drastically evolved due to the advent of recombinant DNA technology. This cutting-edge method allows scientists to engineer genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that possess traits solving practical problems or producing useful products. For instance, creating transgenic crops with improved yield, disease resistance, and nutritional profiles has become possible.
The process involves various techniques such as molecular cloning, which includes the use of restriction enzymes and ligation to create recombinant DNA that is then inserted into a host organism. The host organism can be a bacterium, a plant, or an animal. Unlike traditional genetic screens which select for naturally occurring genetic variations, recombinant DNA techniques involve the intentional alteration and recombination of genetic materials from different sources which can even cross species barriers to achieve desired genetic traits.