Final answer:
The Forming stage of group development is where there is a high dependence on guidance and direction. Reference groups influence individual standards of behavior, and during adolescence, the focus is on developing autonomy according to Erikson. In the Asch experiment, normative factors led to conformity. The correct option is (A).
Step-by-step explanation:
The defining characteristic of dependence on guidance and direction is most associated with the Forming stage of group development. In this stage, group members are typically unfamiliar with one another and hence rely considerably on a leader for guidance and direction.
The alternative options of Storming, Norming, and Performing each have their unique characteristics but do not primarily define dependence on guidance as their main aspect.
Regarding the related multiple-choice questions provided: A group whose values, norms, and beliefs come to serve as a standard for one's own behavior is known as a Reference group. According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the main task of the adolescent is developing autonomy.
In the Asch experiment, participants conformed due to Normative influences, where the pressure to conform was due to the desire to fit into a group rather than due to the belief in the information provided.