Final answer:
The initial symptoms of fifth disease are cold-like, including headache, fever, and upset stomach, followed by a distinctive 'slapped cheek' rash on the face and possibly rashes on other parts of the body. Diagnosis can be confirmed through clinical evaluation and serological tests. While similar to roseola, fifth disease is distinguished by its unique facial rash.
Step-by-step explanation:
The initial signs and symptoms of fifth disease, also known as erythema infectiosum, can include cold-like symptoms such as headache, fever, and upset stomach. These symptoms occur in the early stages of the infection, when it is most contagious. Eventually, a distinct red facial rash, often referred to as "slapped cheek" rash, manifests several days after the onset of initial symptoms. This rash may spread to the arms, legs, chest, back, or buttocks and can intermittently disappear and reappear over several weeks. The rash typically fades within seven to twenty-one days, gradually becoming lacy as it recedes. While many children recover without medical intervention, adults can experience joint pain and swelling.
In terms of diagnosis and differentiation, roseola and fifth disease have overlapping symptoms but are caused by different viruses. Similarities include initial cold-like symptoms followed by a rash. However, whereas roseola is characterized by a sudden high fever and a rash that starts on the trunk, fifth disease is distinct for its 'slapped cheek' facial rash. Clinical presentation and serological testing assist in confirming the diagnosis of fifth disease.