Final answer:
Jeffrey Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory suggests that the Behavioral Activation System (BAS) is associated with the trait of extraversion and predisposes individuals to learn behaviors in anticipation of rewards, leading to positive feelings. The correct option is B.
Step-by-step explanation:
Jeffrey Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory and the Behavioral Activation System (BAS)
According to Jeffrey Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory, the Behavioral Activation System (BAS) is instrumental in how individual personalities can influence one's predisposition to achieve positive feelings and the acquisition of behaviors tied to rewards. Extraversion, as identified by Gray, is a trait associated with the exhibition of sociable and outgoing characteristics, alongside the tendency to easily form connections with others. In comparison, introversion inclines towards solitude and restrained interactions. Neuroticism, on the other hand, is marked by an inclination towards anxiety and a heightened fight-or-flight response even under low stress, contrary to stability, which requires more provocation to elicit the same reaction.
Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory posits that the BAS underlies traits that predispose individuals towards positive emotions and reward-seeking behaviors. People with a highly active BAS are thought to be more driven to engage in behaviors that they expect will lead to positive outcomes, essentially learning connections between behaviors and rewards. This system is linked with the trait of extraversion, where individuals are characterized by their energetic, passionate, and enthusiastic nature, frequently seeking stimulation and reward in their environment.
The BAS is one aspect of Gray's theory, which also includes the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS), responsible for processing signals of punishment, novelty, and non-reward. Together, these systems help explain individual differences in emotional reactivity, learning from the environment, and the regulation of behavior based on anticipated rewards or punishments.