Final answer:
The municipal water pollution tragedy in Flint, Michigan, as described by Dr. Paul Robbins, involves racist urban development patterns, corroding pipes, and fiscal and financial crises; collectively referred to as 'All of these'.
Step-by-step explanation:
The municipal water pollution tragedy in Flint, Michigan can be explained by a combination of factors highlighted by Dr. Paul Robbins in The Political Ecology of Water. The correct answer to the question is D. All of these, which includes:
- Racist urban development patterns, which have historically marginalized certain communities, making them more susceptible to environmental problems.
- Corroding pipes due to the city's switch from the Detroit municipal water to the more corrosive Flint River water, which led to lead leaching into the water supply.
- Fiscal and financial crises because the switch to Flint River was a cost-saving measure that led to significant negative externalities.
These factors collectively contributed to a tragic public health crisis in Flint.