Final answer:
The observation that provides evidence of the Earth's rotation around its axis is the pattern of changing shadows during the day, as this is a direct result of the Earth's rotational movement. Seasonal changes are due to Earth's axial tilt and orbit, whereas ocean waves and temperature differences do not directly evidence Earth's rotation. Option b is the correct answer.
Step-by-step explanation:
The observation that shows evidence of the Earth’s rotation around its axis is B the pattern of changing shadows during the day. As the Earth rotates, the position of the sun in the sky changes, which in turn causes the shadows cast by objects to change their length and direction. This is a direct observable effect of Earth's rotation. Other examples that indicate the Earth's rotation include the daily cycle of day and night, the Coriolis effect observed in weather systems, and the differing star patterns seen at night.
Seasonal changes, option A, are a result of Earth’s orbital motion around the sun and its axial tilt, not its rotation. Ocean waves, option C, are influenced by a variety of factors including winds, tides, and Earth’s rotation, but they are not a direct observable effect of rotation. Temperature differences between the base and peak of a mountain, option D, are mainly due to atmospheric conditions and altitude, not Earth's rotation.