Final answer:
The Portuguese slave trade led to significant depopulation and social upheaval in West Africa. In the New World, the introduction of slaves was pivotal to economic development in colonial economies. The Portuguese established control in the Indian Ocean through strategic trade posts and fortresses.
Step-by-step explanation:
Effects of the Portuguese Slave Trade on West African Populations
The Portuguese slave trade had a profound impact on the population demographics in West African communities. Initially, slave traders targeted coastal areas, but as demand outstripped the supply, they penetrated deeper into the continent. This led to significant depopulation and social upheaval, as wars and slave raids became increasingly common. The environment also suffered adverse consequences due to these activities. Beyond the obvious decline in population, the social fabric of West African societies was disrupted, with long-lasting effects still visible today.
Economic Consequences of the Slave Trade in the New World
In the New World, the introduction of slave labor, primarily by the Portuguese, was a catalyst for economic growth in the colonial economies. The labor-intensive cultivation of crops such as sugar, rice, and cotton required a large workforce, which was provided by the enslaved Africans. This not only fueled the economies of the colonies but was also integral to the mercantilist policies of European nations. The colonies produced raw materials for the mother countries which, in turn, fostered the development of industries and trade, strengthening the European economy.
Establishment of Portuguese Control in the Indian Ocean
To establish control over strategic trading posts in the Indian Ocean region, the Portuguese used a combination of diplomacy and militaristic approaches. They negotiated relationships with African kingdoms and leaders, setting up stone fortresses known as feitorias that served as trading posts and bases for the Portuguese influence. These strategic positions allowed the Portuguese to dominate trade routes and exert control over the flow of goods such as gold, ivory, and eventually, slaves.