Final answer:
The major geological factors that impacted the way in which hunter-gatherer societies functioned in the Middle East include the availability of water sources, topography and terrain, climate variability, and natural resources.
Step-by-step explanation:
The major geological factors that impacted the way in which hunter-gatherer societies functioned in the Middle East include:
- Availability of Water Sources: Access to fresh water was crucial for human settlements, as water is necessary for consumption, agriculture, navigation, and energy production. Settlements were often found near fresh water sources.
- Topography and Terrain: The physical features of the land influenced the movement and settlement patterns of hunter-gatherer societies. For example, hilly or mountainous regions may have posed challenges for hunting and gathering activities.
- Climate Variability: Climate played a role in determining the availability of resources. In regions with a diverse climate, the seasonal availability of food resources impacted the mobility and subsistence strategies of hunter-gatherer societies.
- Natural Resources: The availability of natural resources, such as vegetation and wildlife, directly influenced the livelihoods of hunter-gatherer societies. Areas with abundant resources would have supported larger populations and more settled lifestyles.