Final answer:
Efforts to unionize and protect workers' rights in the 19th century were hampered by factors such as language barriers faced by immigrants, reluctance of farmers to join unions, and racial discrimination that excluded African Americans.
Step-by-step explanation:
The efforts to unionize and protect workers' rights in the 19th century were hampered by several developments. One major factor was the influx of immigrants, who faced language barriers and were willing to work in poor conditions due to dire circumstances. Additionally, farmers who moved to cities for work were reluctant to join unions due to their previous reliance on self-reliance.