Final answer:
Per capita income in Pakistan is low due to high population growth, economic mismanagement including poor public infrastructure investment, lack of educational opportunities, and socio-economic disparities among additional factors.
Step-by-step explanation:
The per capita income in Pakistan is impacted by a myriad of factors, not solely attributable to a single cause. B) High population growth is certainly a significant driver, as it dilutes the economic gains among a rapidly increasing number of citizens. This is coupled with C) Economic mismanagement, which involves inadequate funding of public services like education and the consequences of corruption and unstable governments influencing economic decisions. Additionally, while not a direct answer choice, other factors mentioned such as lack of educational opportunities, slow infrastructural development, and disparity between the social elite and the rest of the populace also contribute to the low per capita income.
Pakistan's high fertility rate, contrasted with inadequate medical care, limited family planning resources, and the low status of women, exacerbates the situation, leading to an increased population without a corresponding increase in resources or opportunities. This burgeoning population largely resides in urban areas, which are often overwhelmed and unable to provide sanitary living conditions. Access to global markets is further stunted by the lack of an international port, and widespread poverty restricts upward mobility and access to amenities. Additionally, agriculture being the primary economic activity, coupled with resource scarcity and environmental challenges, complicates matters further.