Final answer:
Tribal law, Sharia law, and civil law in the Middle East are legal systems. Tribal law is based on tribal customs; Sharia law is Islamic religious law; civil law is based on democratic consensus or government edicts in secular states.
Step-by-step explanation:
Tribal law, Sharia law, and civil law in the Middle East are types of legal systems. Tribal law refers to the customs and regulations governing the behavior of members within a tribe. Sharia law is Islamic religious law dictating many aspects of daily life, including public behavior, private behavior, and even personal beliefs. Civil law in the Middle East typically represents a secular set of statutes formulated through democratic or autocratic means rather than derived from religious texts. In a secular state, the law is created based on common agreement and is separate from religious law. By contrast, in a religious state, religious codes such as Sharia take precedence over secular civil law.
Countries in the Middle East can be sharply divided between secular and religious states, with secular states like Turkey having a strict separation of state and religion, while countries like Iran implement the Sharia as their national law. Distinctions between these legal systems affect social, political, and legal landscape in various Middle Eastern societies.