Final answer:
Christians, despite their fear of Muslims, learned from their advances in science and mathematics (option A) during periods of coexistence, particularly in the Iberian Peninsula. This era of convivencia saw the cross-fertilization of ideas that would contribute significantly to European progress, with figures like Christopher Columbus utilising Muslim technological advancements.
Step-by-step explanation:
Despite the fact that Christians feared Muslims, they learned from Muslim advances in science and mathematics. During the period of Islamic rule, particularly in the Iberian Peninsula, there was a significant exchange of knowledge and culture. Muslim sovereigns respected Jews and Christians as "people of the book", and the introduction of ideas in astronomy, navigation, and mathematics to Iberia contributed to advances that later spread to other parts of Europe. Notably, Christopher Columbus benefitted from Arab naval and navigation technology on his voyage to the New World in 1492. Similarly, schools of Islamic jurisprudence and the translation of ancient Greek and Latin manuscripts fostered a flowering of Jewish and Christian scholarship within the caliphates.
Although interactions between the Abrahamic faiths were complex and often fraught with conflict, there was also a degree of coexistence and toleration at various times, as seen in the period of convivencia in Iberia. Despite religious hostilities that sometimes escalated, this period also exemplifies how political and economic necessities could lead to more pragmatic approaches, such as the protection and tolerance of minority faiths, when they supported the needs of the ruling groups.