Final answer:
Classical Test Theory assumes that measurement errors are random, meaning they are not correlated with true scores. Measurement errors can be consistent across multiple tests but should not be systematically biased or penalize the respondent based on their true scores. Lurking variables and systematic errors can affect test scores and need consideration in test design and interpretation.
Step-by-step explanation:
Classical Test Theory (CTT) posits that an individual's observed score on a test is composed of two parts: the true score and an error score. CTT assumes that measurement errors are random and thus, they are not correlated with true scores. This means that errors do not systematically vary with the actual ability or trait being measured. Moreover, while errors can be consistent across multiple tests, creating a potential for systematic error, CTT traditionally maintains that errors are not consistently biased in a particular direction nor do they penalize the respondent simply based on their true scores.
In the context of examinations like the SAT, underlying social factors and cultural knowledge, as well as factors like educational background, can represent lurking variables that may affect test scores, offering alternative explanations to differences in performance aside from genetics. Systematic errors, such as those stemming from imperfections in test design or administration can cause biases - a concept related to both CTT and social perspectives on testing fairness.