Final answer:
The two most common causes of anemia during pregnancy and the puerperium are iron deficiency anemia due to increased demands and blood loss, and vitamin-deficient anemias, especially involving vitamin B12 and folate due to insufficient dietary intake.
Step-by-step explanation:
Common Causes of Anemia During Pregnancy and Puerperium
The two most common causes of anemia during pregnancy and the puerperium are iron deficiency anemia and vitamin-deficient anemias, specifically those involving insufficient vitamin B12 and folate. Iron deficiency anemia is frequently seen because of the increased demand for iron due to the rapid growth of the fetus and the expanded blood volume in the mother. On the other hand, vitamin-deficient anemias often result from insufficient dietary intake of essential nutrients such as vitamin B12 and folate, which are crucial for fetal development and the prevention of birth defects like neural tube defects.
Iron deficiency anemia can also stem from chronic bleeding conditions, such as those caused by gastrointestinal issues or excessive menstruation. During pregnancy and after childbirth, increased blood loss can exacerbate these deficiencies, leading to anemia. To combat iron deficiency, recommended iron intake through diet or supplementation is important. Folic acid, likewise, should be provided during early pregnancy to minimize the risk of neurological defects.
These conditions underscore the importance of monitoring nutritional intake and managing potential blood loss during the perinatal period to prevent anemia.