Final answer:
The most common causative organisms of acute cystitis are gram-negative bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli, as well as other bacteria like Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Gram-positive pathogens such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus agalactiae can also cause infections.
Step-by-step explanation:
Common Causative Organisms of Acute Cystitis
Acute cystitis is most commonly caused by gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), which is responsible for the majority of bladder infections. Other gram-negative bacteria associated with cystitis include Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Additionally, gram-positive pathogens such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus agalactiae can also cause cystitis. These pathogens typically enter the urinary tract from the lower gastrointestinal tract through fecal contamination, particularly in women due to the proximity of the anus to the urethra. A routine manual urinalysis or using a urine dipstick can reveal the presence of nitrites, leukocyte esterase, protein, or blood, indicating an active bacterial infection.
Certain conditions such as an enlarged prostate, kidney stones, or the use of a urinary catheter in men can increase the risk of urinary tract infections by impairing bladder function and flushing out microbes. In the case of a suspected bacterial cystitis, antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones, nitrofurantoin, cephalosporins, or a combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole are commonly prescribed. Additionally, pain medications may be used to provide relief for symptoms like dysuria.