Final answer:
Corneal cloudiness and growth failure in a child are commonly associated with vitamin A deficiency, which impairs vision and immune development, and contributes to anemia.
Step-by-step explanation:
A child presenting with corneal cloudiness and growth failure is most likely suffering from vitamin A deficiency. This condition not only causes visual impairments such as night blindness and can lead to total blindness, but it also plays a critical role in immune system development and can contribute to anemia. The cloudiness of the cornea can mimic signs of cataracts which are often associated with vitamin deficiencies, specifically vitamins A and C. However, it's notable that while growth failure is associated with vitamin A deficiency, other conditions, like Lowe disease or undernutrition from insufficient protein or calories, may present similar symptoms. Therefore, a comprehensive medical examination is necessary to determine the cause of corneal cloudiness and growth failure accurately.