Final answer:
The four indicators of a chemical change are color change, precipitate formation, gas production, and temperature change, all of which signal the formation of new substances and the occurrence of a chemical reaction.
Step-by-step explanation:
To determine if a chemical change has occurred, we look for specific indicators that are observable during the reaction. These indicators include:
- Color change: A different color indicates the formation of a new substance.
- Precipitate formation: The appearance of a solid in a previously clear solution.
- Gas production: The formation of bubbles or gas not caused by boiling.
- Temperature change: The reaction absorbs or releases energy, resulting in a temperature change.
Therefore, of the options given, the four indicators of a chemical change are: a color change (b), precipitate formation (c), gas production (d), and temperature change (e). Physical change (f) does not indicate a chemical change, as it is related to changes in the physical properties of a substance without altering its chemical composition.