Final answer:
The correct answer is (c) Acceleration, as it involves a plane changing its speed and potentially direction when taking off from the runway.
Step-by-step explanation:
A plane taking off from the runway is an example of acceleration. Acceleration, a, is defined as the rate of change of velocity, which includes changes in both speed and direction. Velocity is a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude (speed) and direction. Therefore, when a plane takes off, it is indeed increasing its speed (magnitude of velocity), and potentially changing its direction as it ascends, which means both its speed and velocity are changing. Acceleration encompasses this entire process. Hence, the correct answer to the question is (c) Acceleration.