Final answer:
A volcanic eruption is an example of a disaster that typically results in primary succession, as it creates new land or strips existing terrain down to bare rock, enabling pioneer species to establish and begin the ecological development from scratch. None of the given options are correct.
Step-by-step explanation:
An example of a disaster that typically results in primary succession would be volcanic eruption. Primary succession occurs when new land is formed or when existing land is stripped of soil and all life, leaving just bare rock. Unlike secondary succession, primary succession starts from an environment without any pre-existing soil. Secondary succession follows events like forest fires, which although devastating, leave behind soil that contains seeds and nutrients, allowing for faster regrowth and recolonization by plant life.
Example of Primary Succession
A real-world example of primary succession is the volcanic activity on the Big Island of Hawaii. New land formed from volcanic eruptions serves as a blank canvas for ecological growth, starting with pioneer species such as lichen and succulent plants. In contrast, an area affected by a forest fire will undergo secondary succession, where the existing nutrient-rich soil helps in rapid recolonization by vegetation.